LoRa operates on the free ISM band and provides long-range, low-power communication, typically up to 1 km. It is ideal for low data rate applications and is especially useful in areas where LTE connectivity is unavailable, such as remote or rural locations. LoRa's energy efficiency makes it suitable for IoT devices, smart cities, and sensor networks where power consumption is critical.

An Edge gateway processes data locally at the first level, performing preliminary analysis and storage before transmitting it to the cloud or a central server. By reducing the data load and sending only relevant information, the edge gateway improves response times and minimizes latency. This is critical for real-time applications where immediate action based on data is required.

A data integration gateway consolidates and transforms data from multiple sources, ensuring seamless communication between disparate systems. It integrates data from field devices, IoT sensors, and databases, standardizing it for further processing or storage in cloud or central servers. This gateway plays a critical role in enabling interoperability across different platforms and improving data consistency.